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In genetics, association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations. [1] [2]
Its function is: (1) implementation of mapping methods including single marker analysis, interval mapping, ICIM for additive and dominance, ICIM for digenic epistasis, selective phenotyping, etc.; (2) QTL linkage analysis more than twenty mapping populations derived from bi-parental cross, including backcross, double haploid, recombinant inbred ...
The principle for QTL mapping is: 1) The likelihood can be calculated for a given set of parameters (particularly QTL effect and QTL position) given the observed data on phenotypes and marker genotypes. 2) The estimates for the parameters are those where the likelihood is highest. 3) A significance threshold can be established by permutation ...
While the term QTL can refer to a wide range of phenotypic traits, the more specific eQTL refers to traits measured by gene expression, such as mRNA levels. [1] [2] Although named "expression QTLs", not all measures of gene expression can be used for eQTLs. For example, traits quantified by protein levels are instead referred to as protein QTLs ...
Often, by the time a QTL mapping population is developed and mapped, breeders have introgressed the new QTL using traditional breeding and selection methods. This can reduce the usefulness of MAS (marker-assisted selection) within breeding programs at the time when MAS could be most useful (i.e., shortly after new QTL are identified). [ 2 ]
Mega2 accepts input data in a variety of widely used file formats. These contain, at a minimum, data about the phenotypes, the marker genotypes, any family structures, and map positions of the markers.
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In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a Markovian arrival process (MAP or MArP [1]) is a mathematical model for the time between job arrivals to a system. The simplest such process is a Poisson process where the time between each arrival is exponentially distributed .