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Antithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a 464-amino-acid protein produced by the liver.It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-Antithrombin is the dominant form of antithrombin found in blood plasma and has an oligosaccharide occupying each of its four glycosylation sites.
Anti-thrombin antibodies can react with both types of thrombin in the antithrombin-thrombin complex. [1] Antibodies (IgG) against thrombin can strongly inhibit its activity. [2] Inhibitory anti-thrombin antibodies can be divided into 2 groups, those that inhibit coagulation activity and those the inhibit coagulation and amidase activity. [3]
[3] [4] Heparin is a blood anticoagulant that increases the activity of antithrombin. [5] It is used in the treatment of heart attacks and unstable angina. [3] It can be given intravenously or by injection under the skin. [3] Its anticoagulant properties make it useful to prevent blood clotting in blood specimen test tubes and kidney dialysis ...
In human adults, the normal blood level of antithrombin activity has been measured to be around 1.1 units/mL. Newborn levels of thrombin steadily increase after birth to reach normal adult levels, from a level of around 0.5 units/mL 1 day after birth, to a level of around 0.9 units/mL after 6 months of life.
Thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) is a protein complex of thrombin and antithrombin. [1] [2] It is a marker of net activation of coagulation. [3] Formation and ...
This activity, sometimes referred to as antithrombin I, limits clotting. [1] Fibrin also mediates blood platelet and endothelial cell spreading, tissue fibroblast proliferation, capillary tube formation , and angiogenesis and thereby promotes revascularization and wound healing .
Antithrombin deficiencies in the patient do not affect the assay because excess amounts of antithrombin is provided in the reaction. [17] Results are given in units/mL of anti-factor Xa, such that high values indicate high levels of anticoagulation and low values indicate low levels of anticoagulation in the plasma sample. [17]
Antithrombin III deficiency (abbreviated ATIII deficiency) is a deficiency of antithrombin III. This deficiency may be inherited or acquired. [ 1 ] It is a rare hereditary disorder that generally comes to light when a patient suffers recurrent venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism , and repetitive intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). [ 2 ]