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  2. Continuous stirred-tank reactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor

    The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also known as vat-or backmix reactor, mixed flow reactor (MFR), or a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR), is a common model for a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and environmental engineering. A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using ...

  3. Chemical reactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor

    When a reactor is brought into operation, either for the first time or after a shutdown, it is in a transient state, and key process variables change with time. There are three idealised models used to estimate the most important process variables of different chemical reactors: Batch reactor model, Continuous stirred-tank reactor model (CSTR), and

  4. Semibatch reactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semibatch_reactor

    Both batch and semibatch reactors are more suitable for liquid phase reactions and small scale production, because they usually require lower capital costs than a continuously stirred tank reactor operation (CSTR), but incur greater costs per unit if production needs to be scaled up. These per unit costs include labor, materials handling ...

  5. Scale-down bioreactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-down_bioreactor

    Stirred tank bioreactors are systems further developed to two compartment systems to provide a fundamental structure for Scale down bioreactors. Two commonly used developed systems are cells which are circulated between either two stirred tank reactors (STR–STR), or from a STR through a plug flow reactor (STR–PFR).

  6. Continuous reactor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_reactor

    Reactors can be divided into two broad categories, batch reactors and continuous reactors. [1] Batch reactors are stirred tanks sufficiently large to handle the full inventory of a complete batch cycle. In some cases, batch reactors may be operated in semi batch mode where one chemical is charged to the vessel and a second chemical is added slowly.

  7. Biomining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomining

    Stirred tank bioreactors are used for the biooxidation of gold. [16] While stirred tanks have been used to bioleach cobalt for copper mine tailings , [ 18 ] these are costly systems that can reach sizes of >1300m 3 meaning that they are almost exclusively used for very high value minerals like gold.