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One of the major environmental problems associated with sprawl is land consumption, habitat loss and subsequent reduction in biodiversity. A review by Brian Czech and colleagues [57] finds that urbanization endangers more species and is more geographically ubiquitous in the mainland United States than any other human activity.
Urbanization has many environmental consequences. In all urban areas there are numerous impacts on the environment such as air pollution, water pollution, etc. Excessive urbanization creates risks (fragilization of soils, pollution, plundering of natural resources) [6] Urbanization is one of the causes of the erosion of biodiversity.
Urban responses to global environmental change (e.g., urban strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation). Consequences of urban responses to global environmental change. Additionally, the goals of UGEC include: creating multidimensional integrative perspectives; promoting parallel and comparative analysis across regions and themes;
Health experts have long believed this is the result of environmental racism. This can be defined as “the planned and deliberate targeting of Black and Brown communities in deciding where to place roadways, toxic waste facilities, along with industrial and commercial sites like bus depots and tractor trailer distribution centers” (Dow, 2020).
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.
The environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil diversity, plants, and the food itself. Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are climate change, deforestation, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste.
While urbanization is associated with improvements in public hygiene, sanitation and access to health care, it also entails changes in occupational, dietary, and exercise patterns. [78] It can have mixed effects on health patterns, alleviating some problems, and accentuating others. [77]
Since that time, significant research and practice worldwide has broadened the term considerably to include social, economic, welfare and public health factors, among others, to the environmental and physical factors in the Farr book; thus taking it beyond an urban design field into all of urban planning, policy and development. [8]