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Noctilucent clouds may be confused with cirrus clouds, but appear sharper under magnification. [50] Those caused by rocket exhausts tend to show colours other than silver or blue, [51] because of iridescence caused by the uniform size of the water droplets produced. [55] Noctilucent clouds may be seen at latitudes of 50° to 65°. [56]
Mesospheric noctilucent clouds over Estonia. Noctilucent clouds are thin clouds that come in a variety of forms based from about 80 to 85 kilometres (262,000–279,000 ft) and occasionally seen in deep twilight after sunset and before sunrise. [6] [7] Type 1 Veils, very tenuous stratiform; resembles cirrostratus or poorly defined cirrus. Type 2
Cirrus clouds, by Fir0002 Damage from the 1900 Galveston hurricane , by Griffith & Griffith (edited by Durova ) Dust storm at Dust Bowl , by Arthur Rothstein (edited by Mvuijlst )
Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer , which is only present during the day when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series -alpha hydrogen radiation.
Noctilucent cloud over Estonia. Noctilucent clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and are found near the top of the mesosphere at about 80 to 85 km (50 to 53 mi) or roughly ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds. [131] They are given this Latin derived name because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise.
Noctilucent clouds as seen by AIM. The scientific purpose of the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) mission is focused on the study of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) that form about 80 km (50 mi) above the surface of Earth in summer and mostly in the polar regions of Earth. The overall goal is to resolve why PMCs form and why they vary.
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On September 19, 2009, a Black Brant XII that was launched to study clouds caused numerous calls from the northeastern U.S. reporting "strange lights in the sky". NASA reported that the light came from an artificial noctilucent cloud formed by the exhaust particles of the rocket's fourth stage at an altitude of about 278 km (173 mi).