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In bacterial infections, early depletion of macrophages during influenza creates a favorable environment in the lungs for bacterial growth since these white blood cells are important in responding to bacterial infection. Host mechanisms to encourage tissue repair may inadvertently allow bacterial infection.
Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites. Although more than 100 strains of infectious agents have been identified, only a few are responsible for the majority of cases.
The CDC classifies flu viruses as A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are seasonal flu, and influenza A is broken down further into subtypes and strains. For example, current subtypes include H1N1 and H3N2.
There is an association between pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza. Damage to the lining of the airways (respiratory epithelium) and upper respiratory system caused by influenza may facilitate pneumococcal entry and infection. [6] Influenza also modifies the innate immune system into a state more accommodating to pneumococcal infections. [7]
Pneumonia can be caused by a buildup of bacteria, viruses, or fungi in the lungs. There are several types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, some typical and some atypical.
Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred." [28] The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung. [63]
“Flu is the highest it’s been since before COVID,” said Dr. Mike Smith, a Duke pediatric infectious disease expert. Here is what parents need to know about the simultaneous respiratory viruses:
The 1967–1968 flu season was the last to be dominated by H2N2 before the emergence of H3N2 in 1968 and the consequent "Hong Kong flu" pandemic that lasted until 1970. This season was particularly severe in England and France, in which pneumonia and influenza excess mortality was two to three times greater than in other countries. [54]