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In economics, a transaction cost is a cost incurred when making an economic trade when participating in a market. [ 1 ] The idea that transactions form the basis of economic thinking was introduced by the institutional economist John R. Commons in 1931.
Transaction cost analysis (TCA), as used by institutional investors, is defined by the Financial Times as "the study of trade prices to determine whether the trades were arranged at favourable prices – low prices for purchases and high prices for sales". [1]
In that way, the (transaction) costs associated with contractually induced hold-ups are saved and also the costs associated with the number of contracts written and executed. Hold-up problems are created from the existence of firm-specific investments, but also from the set of long-term contracts that are used in the presence of the certain ...
This grows worse with firm size and more layers in the hierarchy. Empirical analyses of transaction costs have attempted to measure and operationalize transaction costs. [5] [27] Research that attempts to measure transaction costs is the most critical limit to efforts to potential falsification and validation of transaction cost economics.
Organizational economics is known for its contribution to and its use of: Transaction cost theory: costs incurred to organize an activity, especially regarding research of information, bureaucracy, communication etc. Agency theory: dilemmas connected to making decisions on behalf of, or that impact, another person or entity.
His contributions to transaction cost economics and the theory of the firm have been influential in the social sciences, [2] [3] [4] law and economics. Williamson described his work as "a blend of soft social science and abstract economic theory".
Asset specificity is a term related to the inter-party relationships of a transaction. It is usually defined as the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose.
The theory of internalization itself is based on the transaction cost theory. [19] This theory says that transactions are made within an institution if the transaction costs on the free market are higher than the internal costs. This process is called internalization. [19] For Dunning, not only the structure of organization is important. [19]