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In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint operations to share peak load coverage and backup power. In 1934, with the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act , electric utilities were recognized as public goods of importance and were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.
United States electricity production by type. The United States has the second largest electricity sector in the world, with 4,178 Terawatt-hours of generation in 2023. [2] In 2023 the industry earned $491b in revenue (1.8% of GDP) at an average price of $0.127/kWh. [3]
The United States Public Health Service established the first federal drinking water standards in 1914 to regulate drinking water on interstate carriers. The Civil Works Administration and the Works Progress Administration expanded federal involvement in water management in the 1930s, hiring workers to construct sewer projects and sewage ...
In the 1990s, as states and regions in the United States established wholesale competition for electricity, groups of utilities and their federal and state regulators began forming independent transmission operators that would ensure equal access to the power grid for non-utility firms, enhance the reliability of the transmission system and ...
The FHWA's role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds to build and maintain the National Highway System (primarily Interstate highways, U.S. highways and most state highways). This funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation. [7]
In 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was established, creating the first national road numbering system for cross-country travel. The roads were funded and maintained by U.S. states, and there were few national standards for road design. United States Numbered Highways ranged from two-lane country roads to multi-lane freeways.
The U.S. continues to fund and expand highways, even as some parts of the world invest in greener infrastructure over concerns about global warming and amid a broader movement away from cars.
Long-distance transmission (hundreds of kilometers) is cheap and efficient, with costs of US$0.005–0.02 per kWh, compared to annual averaged large producer costs of US$0.01–0.025 per kWh, retail rates upwards of US$0.10 per kWh, and multiples of retail for instantaneous suppliers at unpredicted high demand moments. [23]