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  2. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    The two-tailed p-value, which considers deviations favoring either heads or tails, may instead be calculated. As the binomial distribution is symmetrical for a fair coin, the two-sided p-value is simply twice the above calculated single-sided p-value: the two-sided p-value is 0.115. In the above example:

  3. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, and sometimes abbreviated 3sr or 3 σ, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within an interval estimate in a normal distribution: approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean ...

  4. Statistical significance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance

    To determine whether a result is statistically significant, a researcher calculates a p-value, which is the probability of observing an effect of the same magnitude or more extreme given that the null hypothesis is true. [5] [12] The null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than (or equal to) a predetermined level, .

  5. Chi-squared distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution

    These values can be calculated evaluating the quantile function (also known as "inverse CDF" or "ICDF") of the chi-squared distribution; [24] e. g., the χ 2 ICDF for p = 0.05 and df = 7 yields 2.1673 ≈ 2.17 as in the table above, noticing that 1 – p is the p-value from the table.

  6. Marginal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_distribution

    p X (x) → ⁠ 16 / 32 ⁠ ⁠ 8 / 32 ⁠ ⁠ 4 / 32 ⁠ ⁠ 4 / 32 ⁠ ⁠ 32 / 32 ⁠ Joint and marginal distributions of a pair of discrete random variables, X and Y, dependent, thus having nonzero mutual information I(X; Y). The values of the joint distribution are in the 3×4 rectangle; the values of the marginal distributions are along ...

  7. Standard normal table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal_table

    Example: To find 0.69, one would look down the rows to find 0.6 and then across the columns to 0.09 which would yield a probability of 0.25490 for a cumulative from mean table or 0.75490 from a cumulative table. To find a negative value such as -0.83, one could use a cumulative table for negative z-values [3] which yield a probability of 0.20327.

  8. Effect size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size

    In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...

  9. Bernoulli trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_trial

    Graphs of probability P of not observing independent events each of probability p after n Bernoulli trials vs np for various p.Three examples are shown: Blue curve: Throwing a 6-sided die 6 times gives a 33.5% chance that 6 (or any other given number) never turns up; it can be observed that as n increases, the probability of a 1/n-chance event never appearing after n tries rapidly converges to ...