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Caligae, heavy-soled military shoes or sandals which were worn by Roman legionary soldiers and auxiliaries throughout the history of the Roman Republic and Empire. The focale, a scarf worn by the Roman legionary to protect the neck from chafing caused by constant contact with the soldier's armor
This view has been criticized, as there is no evidence of a Roman concept of parade armor, sets and fragments of lorica plumata have been found near armor used for battle or locations where battle would be expected, and modern standards for armor strength and durability may not match those of the ancient Roman Empire. [3]
Re-enactor with Pompeii-type gladius The Mainz Gladius on display at the British Museum, London. Gladius is the general Latin word for 'sword'. In the Roman Republic, the term gladius Hispaniensis (Spanish sword) referred (and still refers) specifically to the short sword, 60 cm (24 inches) long, used by Roman legionaries from the 3rd century BC.
A manica (Latin: manica, "sleeve"; [1] Greek: χεῖρες, kheires, "sleeves") was a type of iron or copper-alloy laminated arm guard with curved, overlapping metal segments or plates fastened to leather straps worn by ancient and late antique heavy cavalry, infantry, and gladiators.
During the Dacian Wars Trajan had to re-equip his soldiers wearing lorica segmentata with other forms of armor such as the lorica hamata and lorica squamata. [5] It is not known precisely when the Romans adopted the type of armor, [4] but it remained in use for about eight centuries, [4] most prominently in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. [1]
Despite the armor being commonly associated with the Romans, the technology behind the lorica segmentata was old by the time it was introduced into the Roman infantry. The Dendra panoply is an example from the 15th century BC of articulated plate defense using a similar technique of overlapping curved plates.
In the period following this war the Romans established the first of their own regular units of cataphracts, they were most likely equipped like the Sarmatians. Panel from Trajan's Column, Rome. Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army.
85 BC – Battle of Orchomenus – Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive battle of the war. Second Mithridatic War (83–81 BCE) [5] 82 BC – Battle of Halys – Roman general Lucius Licinius Murena fights Mithridates and Gordius after launching several raids, to which the Romans lose. Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BCE) [5]