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Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]
Virtually all blue topaz, both the lighter and the darker blue shades such as "London" blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to blue. Most green quartz (Oro Verde) are also irradiated to achieve the yellow-green color. Diamonds are mainly irradiated to become blue-green or green, although other colors are possible.
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula Cu Al 6 (PO 4) 4 8 ·4H 2 O.It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.
Kaolin is an important raw material in many industries and applications. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as powder, lumps, semi-dried noodle or slurry . Global production of kaolin in 2021 was estimated to be 45 million tonnes, with a total market value of US $4.24 billion.
The topaz in the Field Museum (2009) The Chalmer's Topaz is a topaz gem weighing 5,899.5- carats located in Chicago, Illinois ' Grainger Hall of Gems, in the Field Museum of Natural History . It was named for former Field Museum trustee William J. Chalmers and his wife Joan Chalmers, who established a fund used to purchase gemstones for the ...
Raw diamonds from the mines were typically transported to Golconda—now the western part of Hyderabad— [28]) for skilled lapidary, enhancement, further evaluation, and sale. [ 17 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The art of macle , which is a form of rough diamond that is used to produce jewellery, was first developed in the Golconda region. [ 29 ]