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The ring of integers modulo a prime number has no nonzero zero divisors. Since every nonzero element is a unit, this ring is a finite field. More generally, a division ring has no nonzero zero divisors. A non-zero commutative ring whose only zero divisor is 0 is called an integral domain.
A ring R is prime if and only if the zero ideal {0} is a prime ideal in the noncommutative sense. This being the case, the equivalent conditions for prime ideals yield the following equivalent conditions for R to be a prime ring: For any two ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
Krull's theorem can fail for rings without unity. A radical ring, i.e. a ring in which the Jacobson radical is the entire ring, has no simple modules and hence has no maximal right or left ideals. See regular ideals for possible ways to circumvent this problem. In a commutative ring with unity, every maximal ideal is a prime ideal.
A ring is a prime ring if and only if the zero ideal is a prime ideal, and moreover a ring is a domain if and only if the zero ideal is a completely prime ideal. Another fact from commutative theory echoed in noncommutative theory is that if A is a nonzero R - module , and P is a maximal element in the poset of annihilator ideals of submodules ...
A characteristic similar to that of Jacobson radical and annihilation of simple modules is available for nilradical: nilpotent elements of a ring are precisely those that annihilate all integral domains internal to the ring (that is, of the form / for prime ideals ). This follows from the fact that nilradical is the intersection of all prime ...
The complex conjugation C → C is a ring homomorphism (this is an example of a ring automorphism). For a ring R of prime characteristic p, R → R, x → x p is a ring endomorphism called the Frobenius endomorphism. If R and S are rings, the zero function from R to S is a ring homomorphism if and only if S is the zero ring (otherwise it fails ...
Let be a Noetherian ring, x an element of it and a minimal prime over x.Replacing A by the localization, we can assume is local with the maximal ideal .Let be a strictly smaller prime ideal and let () =, which is a -primary ideal called the n-th symbolic power of .
In algebra and algebraic geometry, given a commutative Noetherian ring and an ideal in it, the n-th symbolic power of is the ideal = (/) ()where is the localization of at , we set : is the canonical map from a ring to its localization, and the intersection runs through all of the associated primes of /.