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Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a purported form of kidney damage in which there has been recent exposure to medical imaging contrast material without another clear cause for the acute kidney injury. Despite extensive speculation, the actual occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy has not been demonstrated in the literature. [1]
impaired kidney function is the major risk factor Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare syndrome that involves fibrosis of the skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. NSF is caused by exposure to gadolinium in gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients with impaired kidney function.
Also, the iodinated contrast medium used in contrast CT and contrast radiography can cause allergic reactions, including severe ones. [5] The contrast dye may also be toxic to the kidneys. [7] Because a cannula is inserted, there is also a risk of a cannula site infection, that may cause fevers or redness of the cannula area. [7]
The contrast dye may not all go inside the vein at the cannula site, and if it extravasates, it may cause pain or bruising to the local area. [3] The scan involves radiation, which may increase the risk of future cancers by a very small amount, [3] or prove damaging to a pregnancy. [3] Additionally, the dye used can damage kidney function. [3]
The use of Gd 3+ chelates in persons with acute or chronic kidney disease can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), [17] [18] [19] a rare but severe systemic disease resembling scleromyxedema and to some extent scleroderma. It may occur months after contrast injection. [20]
The use of CTA in people with kidney failure, kidney disease or long-standing severe diabetes should be weighed carefully as the use of IV iodine contrast material may further harm kidney function. The decision not to use contrast agents must be weighed against the possibility of misdiagnoses if contrast is not used. [13] [14]