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because the argument to f must be a variable integer, but i is a constant integer. This matching is a form of program correctness, and is known as const-correctness.This allows a form of programming by contract, where functions specify as part of their type signature whether they modify their arguments or not, and whether their return value is modifiable or not.
In C and C++, constructs such as pointer type conversion and union — C++ adds reference type conversion and reinterpret_cast to this list — are provided in order to permit many kinds of type punning, although some kinds are not actually supported by the standard language.
The first two of these, const and volatile, are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++. Thus in C++ the term " cv -qualified type" (for c onst and v olatile) is often used for "qualified type", while the terms " c -qualified type" and " v -qualified type" are used when only one of the qualifiers is relevant.
In C/C++, it is possible to declare the parameter of a function or method as constant. This is a guarantee that this parameter cannot be inadvertently modified after its initialization by the caller. If the parameter is a pre-defined (built-in) type, it is called by value and cannot be modified.
Existing Eiffel software uses the string classes (such as STRING_8) from the Eiffel libraries, but Eiffel software written for .NET must use the .NET string class (System.String) in many cases, for example when calling .NET methods which expect items of the .NET type to be passed as arguments. So, the conversion of these types back and forth ...
Notice that the type of the result can be regarded as everything past the first supplied argument. This is a consequence of currying, which is made possible by Haskell's support for first-class functions; this function requires two inputs where one argument is supplied and the function is "curried" to produce a function for the argument not supplied.
In class-based programming, downcasting, or type refinement, is the act of casting a base or parent class reference, to a more restricted derived class reference. [1] This is only allowable if the object is already an instance of the derived class, and so this conversion is inherently fallible.
It returns a reference to std::type_info object, which exists until the end of the program. [8] The use of typeid , in a non-polymorphic context, is often preferred over dynamic_cast< class_type > in situations where just the class information is needed, because typeid is always a constant-time procedure, whereas dynamic_cast may need to ...