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A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.
the golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architecture [63] Euler's totient function in number theory [64] the argument of a complex number in mathematics; the value of a plane angle in physics and mathematics; the angle to the z axis in spherical coordinates (mathematics) epoch or phase difference between two waves or vectors
an unspecified (real) constant; the spring constant of Hooke's law; the spacetime curvature from the Friedmann equations in cosmology; the rate constant (coefficient) [10] the unit vector in Cartesian coordinates going in the z-direction, usually bold k; Unit vector for the third dimension in the quaternion number system (bold k) Unit vector in ...
[1] [2] The terms mathematical constant or physical constant are sometimes used to distinguish this meaning. [3] A function whose value remains unchanged (i.e., a constant function). [4] Such a constant is commonly represented by a variable which does not depend on the main variable(s) in question.
The constant π (pi) has a natural definition in Euclidean geometry as the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle. It may be found in many other places in mathematics: for example, the Gaussian integral, the complex roots of unity, and Cauchy distributions in probability. However, its ubiquity is not limited to pure mathematics.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.