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In physical geography, a fjord (also spelled fiord in New Zealand English; / ˈ f j ɔːr d, f iː ˈ ɔːr d / ⓘ [1]) is a long, narrow sea inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. [2] Fjords exist on the coasts of Antarctica, the Arctic, and surrounding landmasses of the northern and southern hemispheres. [3]
The Hudson River fjord in New York is recognized as the only true Fjord in the eastern coast of the United States [1] [2] Somes Sound, a fjard located within Acadia National Park, is often mistaken for being another fjord located along the eastern coast of the United States. [3] [4]
If the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. Fjord-type estuaries can be found along the coasts of Alaska, the Puget Sound region of western Washington state, British Columbia, eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, New Zealand, Chile, and Norway.
The coastline varies from fjords, river estuaries to mudflats. The eastern and western coasts of the North Sea are jagged, as they were stripped by glaciers during the ice ages. The coastlines along the southernmost part are soft, covered with the remains of deposited glacial sediment, which was left directly by the ice or has been redeposited ...
"Förden" of the German coast and the fjords of Danish eastern Jutland together form a third type of glacial inlet. They tend to occur along older 'beheaded' river channels and open into the tideless Baltic sea. Rias are drowned valleys, such as the estuaries of Thames, Severn and Humber and the firths of Tay and Forth.
The Oslofjord has Norway's highest all year temperature: 7.5 °C (45.5 °F). February is the coldest month in the fjord with −1.3 °C (29.7 °F), while July normally reaches 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The islands in the middle of the fjord are among Norway's warmest with high summer temperatures and moderate winters.
Kangerlussuaq occupies an alluvial flatland on the far end of the 190 km long [5] Kangerlussuaq Fjord, straddling both sides of the Qinnguata Kuussua river estuary. On the East of Kangerlussuaq is a confluence of the two major regional rivers, the Qinnguata Kuussua and Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua. The valley of the latter forms large quicksand plains.
The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 metres (4,291 ft) below sea level, and the greatest depths are found in the central parts of the fjord near Høyanger. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Sognefjord is more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) deep for about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of its length, from Rutledal to Hermansverk .
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