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Trigonometry tells us that the sine of a 30° angle is 1/2, whereas the sine of a 90° angle is 1. Therefore, the sunbeam hitting the ground at a 30° angle spreads the same amount of light over twice as much area (if we imagine the Sun shining from the south at noon, the north–south width doubles; the east–west width does not ...
[28] [42] Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth ...
English: This 10 billion to 1 scale model of the Solar system can be placed into hallways of most school buildings. The inner solar system can be placed inside, while some or all of the the outer planets are typically placed outside, with Neptune at a distance of 450 meters from the Sun. Students can copy the drawings by hand on index cards or cut them out and glue or tape to the cards.
Since the mid-1990s, starspot observations have been made using increasingly powerful techniques yielding more and more detail: photometry showed starspot growth and decay and showed cyclic behavior similar to the Sun's; spectroscopy examined the structure of starspot regions by analyzing variations in spectral line splitting due to the Zeeman ...
IPCC anomaly is 1.09 C average from 2011 to 2020 as per IPCC AR6 WG1 SPM pp5 A.1.2, so NASA data is offset to that number. Data does not go back to 1850 as datasets differ from 1850 to 1880 for NOAA, others (NASA starts in 1880, and all tend to agree from that point forward). 20-year LOWESS smooth matched to 20 year moving average as per IPCC ...
A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed over the Sun's surface or the solar limb, which is interpreted as an energy release of up to 6 × 10 25 joules (about a sixth of the total Sun's energy output each second or 160 billion megatons of TNT equivalent, over 25,000 times more energy than released from the impact of Comet ...
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. [1] On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere, [2] [3] just below the stratosphere.
[17] [38] This assumption allows thermal effects to be neglected, and most approaches also ignore the motions of ions and assume that the particles do not interact through collisions. Under these approximations, the dispersion equation for electromagnetic waves includes two free-space modes that can escape the plasma as radiation (radio waves).