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Plot of shear rate as a function of the shear stress. Dilatants in green. A dilatant (/ d aɪ ˈ l eɪ t ə n t /, / d ɪ-/) (also termed shear thickening [1]) material is one in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain. Such a shear thickening fluid, also known by the initialism STF, is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid.
Thixotropy is a time-dependent shear thinning property. Certain gels or fluids that are thick or viscous under static conditions will flow (become thinner, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, shear-stressed, or otherwise stressed (time-dependent viscosity). They then take a fixed time to return to a more viscous state. [1]
Ketchup is a shear-thinning material, viscous when at rest, but flowing at speed when agitated by squeezing, shaking, or striking the bottle. [11] Whipped cream is also a shear-thinning material. [6] When whipped cream is sprayed out of its canister, it flows out smoothly from the nozzle due to the low viscosity at high flow rate.
With continued deformation, the material undergoes hardening due to molecular orientation, resulting in the multiplication and propagation of shear bands. [45] Shear bands may form in a material that exhibits strain softening, hence when the conditions which favour crazing are suppressed, polymers will tend to form shear bands. [6] [46] [47]
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Example of a stirring rod. A glass stirring rod, glass rod, stirring rod or stir rod is a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals. They are usually made of solid glass, about the thickness and slightly longer than a drinking straw, [clarification needed] with rounded ends.
A high-shear mixer disperses, or transports, one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid), with which it would normally be immiscible. A rotor or impeller, together with a stationary component known as a stator, or an array of rotors and stators, is used either in a tank containing the solution to be mixed ...
In chemistry, a retort stand, also called a clamp stand, [1] a ring stand, [2] or a support stand, [3] is a piece of scientific equipment intended to support other pieces of equipment and glassware — for instance, burettes, test tubes and flasks. [4] The typical ring stand consists of a heavy base and a vertical rod, both usually made of metal.