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Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane among other names, [3] is a medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system. [4] As chemotherapy it is used to treat lymphoma , multiple myeloma , leukemia , ovarian cancer , breast cancer , small cell lung cancer , neuroblastoma , and sarcoma . [ 4 ]
Rheumatoid vasculitis may affect almost any organ in the body. The skin and peripheral nerves are the most frequently affected areas. Although major organ system involvement of the kidney, bowel, or heart is much less common, it can result in serious morbidity and mortality, such as renal failure, bowel ischemia, and myocardial infarction. [3]
The definite diagnosis of vasculitis is established after a biopsy of involved organ or tissue, such as skin, sinuses, lung, nerve, brain, and kidney. The biopsy elucidates the pattern of blood vessel inflammation. Some types of vasculitis display leukocytoclasis, which is vascular damage caused by nuclear debris from infiltrating neutrophils. [37]
Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitis, [1] is a general term for the inflammation of veins and arteries that develops into necrosis and narrows the vessels. [ 2 ] Tumors , medications, allergic reactions , and infectious organisms are some of the recognized triggers for these conditions, even though the precise ...
Diagnosis of primary CNS vasculitis may be made with brain imaging and biopsy of the affected blood vessel. The most definitive diagnostic modality is a biopsy of the affected blood vessel however brain biopsy has a low yield, with up to 30-50% of biopsies being normal in suspected cases. [ 5 ]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is usually suspected only when a person has had unexplained symptoms for a long period. Determination of ANCAs can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive, and negative ANCAs are insufficient to reject the diagnosis. More than 90% of people who have GPA test positive for ANCAs. [19]
In the bone marrow transplant setting, hepatic veno-occlusive disease is felt to be due to injury to the hepatic venous endothelium from the conditioning regimen. Toxic agents causing veno-occlusive disease include plants as well as the medication cyclophosphamide. [citation needed]
Lupus vasculitis typically indicates a dismal prognosis, so early diagnosis is essential to a successful outcome. [2] The disease can affect small vessels or a single organ, and it can range in severity from a relatively mild condition to a multiorgan system disease with potentially fatal symptoms, like mesenteric vasculitis, [ 3 ] pulmonary ...