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Socket set with ratchet (above), four hex sockets and a universal joint. A socket wrench (or socket spanner) is a type of spanner (or wrench [1] in North American English) that uses a closed socket format, rather than a typical open wrench/spanner to turn a fastener, typically in the form of a nut or bolt.
Two spanners, both nominal size 5 ⁄ 8 in, with a diagram superimposed to show the logic that allows them both to be nominal size 5 ⁄ 8 in when their actual sizes are clearly different (across-flats distance vs screw diameter). The across-flats definition is the common standard today, and has been for many decades.
A few sizes are close enough to interchange for most purposes, such as 19 mm (close to 3 ⁄ 4 inch (19.05 mm)), 8 mm (close to 5 ⁄ 16 inch (7.94 mm)) and 4 mm (close to 5 ⁄ 32 inch (3.97 mm)). In reality, a wrench with a width across the flats of exactly 15 mm would fit too tightly to use on a bolt with a width across the flats of 15 mm.
where is the tap drill size, is the major diameter of the tap (e.g., 3 ⁄ 8 in for a 3 ⁄ 8-16 tap), and / is the thread pitch (1 ⁄ 16 inch in the case of a 3 ⁄ 8-16 tap). For a 3 ⁄ 8-16 tap, the above formula would produce 5 ⁄ 16, which is the correct tap drill diameter. The above formula ultimately results in an approximate 75% thread.
Example (inch, coarse): For size 7 ⁄ 16 (this is the diameter of the intended screw in fraction form)-14 (this is the number of threads per inch; 14 is considered coarse), 0.437 in × 0.85 = 0.371 in. Therefore, a size 7 ⁄ 16 screw (7 ⁄ 16 ≈ 0.437) with 14 threads per inch (coarse) needs a tap drill with a diameter of about 0.371 inches.
Illustration from the 1909 Canadian patent for the Robertson screw. Peter Lymburner Robertson (December 10, 1879 – September 28, 1951) was a Canadian inventor, industrialist, salesman, and philanthropist who popularized the square-socket drive for screws, often called the Robertson drive.
The internal-drive square socket for screws (as well as the corresponding triangular socket drive) had been conceived several decades before the invention of the Robertson screw and driver. An earlier patent covering both square-socket- and triangle-socket -drive wood screws, U.S. patent 161,390 , was issued to Allan Cummings of New York City ...
Two wrenches, both nominal size 5 ⁄ 8 in, with a diagram superimposed to show the logic that allows them both to be labeled the same when their actual sizes are clearly different (across-flats distance vs screw diameter). The larger wrench in this photo is from the 1920s or earlier; its face was polished to allow the size stamp to be visible ...