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Both HSV-1, and HSV-2 can be the cause of herpetic gingivostomatitis, [5] although HSV-1 is the source of infection in around 90% of cases. [6] Herpetic gingivostomatitis infections can present as acute or recurrent. Acute infection refers to the first invasion of the virus, and recurrent is when reactivation of the latent virus occurs. [7]
A diagnosis can be made from clinical signs and symptoms, and treatment consists of minimizing the discomfort of symptoms. [5] It can be differentiated from herpetic gingivostomatitis by the positioning of vesicles - in herpangina, they are typically found on the posterior oropharynx, as compared to gingivostomatitis where they are typically found on the anterior oropharynx and the mouth.
Allergic contact stomatitis (also termed "allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact gingivostomatitis") [6] is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa.
Treatment of the acute disease is by debridement and antibiotics, usually metronidazole. Poor oral hygiene and other predisposing factors may need to be corrected to prevent recurrence. Necrotizing gingivitis is also known as trench mouth, as it was observed to occur in the mouths of front line soldiers during World War I.
Malaise, fever and/or cervical lymph node enlargement are rare (unlike the typical features of herpetic stomatitis). [3] Pain is fairly well localized to the affected areas. [3] Systemic reactions may be more pronounced in children. [2] Cancrum oris (noma) is a very rare complication, usually in debilitated children. [3]
The main symptom of oral infection is inflammation of the mucosa of the cheek and gums—known as acute herpetic gingivostomatitis—which occurs within 5–10 days of infection. Other symptoms may also develop, including headache, nausea, dizziness and painful ulcers —sometimes confused with canker sores —fever, and sore throat.
Herpes simplex (infection with herpes simplex virus, or HSV) is very common in the mouth and lips. This virus can cause blisters and sores around the mouth (herpetic gingivostomatitis) and lips (herpes labialis). HSV infections tend to recur periodically. Although many people get infected with the virus, only 10% actually develop the sores.
A herpetic whitlow is a herpes lesion , typically on a finger or thumb, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Occasionally infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cuticle. Herpes whitlow can be caused by infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2. [1]