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In cryptography, a client certificate is a type of digital certificate that is used by client systems to make authenticated requests to a remote server. [1] Client certificates play a key role in many mutual authentication designs, providing strong assurances of a requester's identity.
Mutual authentication is a desired characteristic in verification schemes that transmit sensitive data, in order to ensure data security. [1] [2] Mutual authentication can be accomplished with two types of credentials: usernames and passwords, and public key certificates. Mutual authentication is often employed in the Internet of Things (IoT ...
In addition, the certificate authority that issues the client certificate is usually the service provider to which client connects because it is the provider that needs to perform authentication. Some service providers even offer free SSL certificates as part of their packages. [5]
The former is termed server-side authentication - typically used when authenticating to a web server using a password. The latter is termed client-side authentication - sometimes used when authenticating using a smart card (hosting a digital certificate and private key).
The problem is the client does not know where to fetch missing intermediate certificates because the global X.500 directory never materialized. The problem was mitigated by including all intermediate certificates in a request. For example, early web servers only sent the web server's certificate to the client.
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Some strong authentication protocols for web-based applications that are occasionally used include: Public key authentication (usually implemented with a HTTPS / SSL client certificate) using a client certificate. Kerberos or SPNEGO authentication, employed for example by Microsoft IIS running configured for Integrated Windows Authentication (IWA).
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