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The problem of them agreeing on a random bit by exchanging messages over this channel, without relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. [1] Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt messages for secure communication.
A possible sequence in Penney's game: heads, tails, heads Graphs of best responses for Penney's games of sequence lengths 3 and 4 – each sequence is dominated by the sequence pointing to it with the given probability (italics) or odds (normal text) [1]
The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery [1] is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants.
In this example, the probability of losing the entire bankroll and being unable to continue the martingale is equal to the probability of 6 consecutive losses: (10/19) 6 = 2.1256%. The probability of winning is equal to 1 minus the probability of losing 6 times: 1 − (10/19) 6 = 97.8744%. The expected amount won is (1 × 0.978744) = 0.978744.
Flipism is a film trope that is used to argue for "the supremacy of free will in a chaotic world". [9] Batman villain Two-Face (Harvey Dent) is entirely reliant on flipping his signature coin in order to make decisions due to his inability to decide anything for himself. [12]
With Lynch and Anderson pointing to broader economic sentiment as perhaps the key reason why rising stock prices are highly correlated with incumbent party presidential election victories, there ...
A Roman coin with the head of Pompey the Great on the obverse and a ship on the reverse. Coin flipping was known to the Romans as navia aut caput ("ship or head"), as some coins had a ship on one side and the head of the emperor on the other. [1]
Virtual PDF printers for Microsoft Windows: Bullzip PDF Printer – there is a free version; CutePDF; DoPDF – this is a simplified version of NovaPDF; PDFCreator – a Ghostscript-based virtual printer for Microsoft Windows, with user interface for advanced options (security settings, combining multiple documents, etc.).