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  2. Hebrew diacritics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics

    Several diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). The Niqqud signs and cantillation marks ...

  3. Niqqud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud

    In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud (Hebrew: נִקּוּד, Modern: nikúd, Tiberian: niqqūḏ, "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew: נְקֻדּוֹת, Modern: nekudót, Tiberian: nəquddōṯ, "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.

  4. Tiberian vocalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization

    Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1. The Tiberian vocalization, Tiberian pointing, or Tiberian niqqud (Hebrew: הַנִּקּוּד הַטְבֶרְיָנִי ‎, romanized: hanniqquḏ haṭṭəḇeryāni) is a system of diacritics devised by the Masoretes of Tiberias to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to produce the Masoretic Text. [1]

  5. Babylonian vocalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization

    The Babylonian vocalization, also known as Babylonian supralinear punctuation, or Babylonian pointing or Babylonian niqqud Hebrew: נִקּוּד בָּבְלִי ‎) is a system of diacritics and vowel symbols assigned above the text and devised by the Masoretes of Babylon to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to indicate the ...

  6. Tiberian Hebrew - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew

    Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Galilee c. 750–950 CE under the Abbasid Caliphate.

  7. Mikraot Gedolot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot

    A Mikraot Gedolot (Hebrew: מקראות גדולות, lit. 'Great Scriptures'), often called a "Rabbinic Bible" in English, [1] is an edition of the Hebrew Bible that generally includes three distinct elements: The Masoretic Text in its letters, niqqud (vocalisation marks), and cantillation marks; A Targum or Aramaic translation

  8. ISO 259 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259

    ISO 259-3 is Uzzi Ornan's romanization, which reached the stage of an ISO Final Draft [3] but not of a published International Standard (IS). [4] It is designed to deliver the common structure of the Hebrew word throughout the different dialects or pronunciation styles of Hebrew, in a way that it can be reconstructed into the original Hebrew characters by both man and machine.

  9. Mappiq - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappiq

    The mappiq (מַפִּיק ‎ mapík; also mapiq, mapik, mappik, lit. "causing to go out") is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It is part of the Masoretes' system of niqqud (vowel points), and was added to Hebrew orthography at the same time. It takes the form of a dot in the middle of a letter (usually ה ‎, he).