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Antimicrobial peptides from animals, plants and fungi organised by their secondary structure content. Circle size indicates overall molecular weight of each peptide. Antimicrobial peptides are a unique and diverse group of molecules, which are divided into subgroups on the basis of their amino acid composition and structure. [3]
Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate [1] and invertebrate [2] animals, plants, [3] [4] and fungi. [5] They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune signaling activities, or both.
The beta defensins are antimicrobial peptides implicated in the resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbial colonization. Defensins are 2 to 6 kDa, cationic, microbicidal peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses, [ 1 ] containing three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Plant defensins (formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of primitive, highly stable, cysteine-rich defensins found in plants that function to defend them against pathogens and parasites. [1] Defensins are integral components of the innate immune system and belong to the ancient superfamily of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
Theta-defensins (θ-defensins, retrocyclins, or demidefensins) are a family of mammalian antimicrobial peptides. [1] They are found in non-human ' Old World ' primates , but not in human , gorilla , bonobo , and chimpanzee .
Defensins are 2-6 kDa, cationic, antimicrobial peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses, [2] containing three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds. On the basis of their size and pattern of disulfide bonding, mammalian
Defensin, alpha 1 also known as human alpha defensin 1, human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) or neutrophil defensin 1 is a human protein that is encoded by the DEFA1 gene. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Human alpha defensin 1 belongs to the alpha defensin family of antimicrobial peptides .
Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. Several species of insect produce antimicrobial peptides known as defensins and cecropins .