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The taper rate for all NPT threads is 1 inch of diameter in 16 inches of length (3 ⁄ 4 inch per foot or 62.5 millimeters per meter) measured by the change of diameter (of the pipe thread) over distance of thread.
Both British standard and National pipe thread standards specify a thread taper of 1:16; the change in diameter is one sixteenth the distance travelled along the thread. The nominal diameter is achieved some small distance (the "gauge length") from the end of the pipe.
Piping or tubing is usually inserted into fittings to make connections. Connectors are assigned a gender, abbreviated M or F. An example of this is a "3 ⁄ 4-inch female adapter NPT", which would have a corresponding male connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case also NPT).
For a taper thread, it is the diameter at the "gauge length" (plus/minus one thread pitch) from the small end of the thread. The taper is 1:16, meaning that for each 16 units of measurement increase in the distance from the end, the diameter increases by 1 unit of measurement.
V Thread Form: 1 ⁄ 4 ″-20 UNC #4-40 UNC ASME B1.5-1997 (R2014) Acme Screw Threads: Trapezoidal Thread Form: Tr 60×9 ANSI/ASME B1.9-1973 (R2017) Buttress Inch Screw Threads: Breech-Lock Thread Form: ASME B1.10M-2004 (R2014) Unified Miniature Screw Threads: V Thread Form: 0.60 UNM ANSI/ASME B1.11-1958 (R2016) Microscope Objective Thread: V ...
The length of the nipple is usually specified by the overall length with thread. It may have a hexagonal section in the center for a wrench to grasp (sometimes referred to as a "hex nipple"), or it may simply be made from a short piece of pipe (sometimes referred to as a "barrel nipple" or "pipe nipple").
Therefore, a -8 AN size would be equal to 1 ⁄ 2-inch OD tube. However, this system does not specify the ID (inside diameter) of the tubing because the tube wall can vary in thickness. Each AN size also uses its own standard thread size. AN fittings are a flare fitting, using 37° flared tubing to form a metal-to-metal seal.
The most common pipe thread in North America is the National Pipe Thread (NPT) or the Dryseal (NPTF) version. Other pipe threads include the British Standard Pipe Thread (BSPT), the garden hose thread (GHT), and the fire hose coupling (NST). Copper pipes are typically joined by soldering, brazing, compression fittings, flaring, or crimping.