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But this negative flow causes a positive T wave; although the cell becomes more negatively charged, the net effect is in the positive direction, and the ECG reports this as a positive spike. [2] However, a negative T wave is normal in lead aVR. Lead V1 generally have a negative T wave.
The normal physiological blood flow is antegrade, flowing from the periphery towards the heart, so evidence of an opposite, retrograde flow might indicate a pathology. The presence of a reflux is likewise of note; a reflux, when not isolated in a vein (as simply retrograde), means that the blood flow is bi-directional where once the flow had ...
Often expressed in cm/s. This value is inversely related to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel and also differs per cross-section, because in normal condition the blood flow has laminar characteristics. For this reason, the blood flow velocity is the fastest in the middle of the vessel and slowest at the vessel wall.
Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation—during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries; or the systemic circulation—in which the left ventricle pumps/ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries. [1] [2]
When comparing CFD models of normal blood and wall properties with CFD models where the blood and wall properties to replicate that of an individual with diabetes, it is found that the models with diabetes have a lower mean velocity. [8] It is also observed that the outlet velocity of the descending aorta is lower in the diabetes model. [8]
Phenomena of interrupted blood-flow Stasis [2] The first category, alterations in normal blood flow, refers to several situations. These include venous stasis, long surgical operations, prolonged immobility (whilst on a long plane or car ride, bed bound during hospitalization), and varicose veins. The equivalence of Virchow's version and the ...
Type 2 myocardial Infarctions (T2MI) result any time coronary flow is reduced secondary to a non-thrombotic cause. Because coronary flow is determined partly by coronary perfusion pressure, a reduction in CPP increases the risk of T2MI. Reduced CPP can be the result of a multitude of pathologies including cardiogenic shock and tachyarrythmia.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.