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In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and methane, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide. [4] When carbon capture and storage is used to remove a large fraction of these emissions, the product is known as blue hydrogen.
Liquid hydrogen (H2(l)) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H 2 form. [4] To exist as a liquid, H 2 must be cooled below its critical point of 33 K. However, for it to be in a fully liquid state at atmospheric pressure, H 2 needs to be cooled to 20.28 K (−252.87 °C; −423.17 °F). [5]
Hydrogen can be deployed as a fuel in two distinct ways: in fuel cells which produce electricity, and via combustion to generate heat. [58] When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapor. [58] Combustion of hydrogen can lead to the thermal formation of harmful nitrogen oxides emissions. [58]
BMW H2R. Musashi 9 Liquid hydrogen truck. A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine. [1] Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (which utilize hydrogen electrochemically rather than through combustion).
For many years hydrogen has been stored as compressed gas or cryogenic liquid, and transported as such in cylinders, tubes, and cryogenic tanks for use in industry or as propellant in space programs. The overarching challenge is the very low boiling point of H 2: it boils around 20.268 K (−252.882 °C or −423.188 °F).
It's deployed over 69,000 fuel cell systems and 250 fueling stations so far, its top customers include Amazon and Walmart, and it's the world's largest single buyer of liquid hydrogen.