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  2. Evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

    In phenomenology, evidence is limited to intuitive knowledge, often associated with the controversial assumption that it provides indubitable access to truth. In the philosophy of science, evidence is material that confirms or disconfirms scientific hypotheses, acting as a neutral arbiter between

  3. Criteria of truth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_of_truth

    The full meaning of an idea is self-apparent in its application. For example, the therapeutic value and effect of penicillin in relation to infections is proven in its administration. Although pragmatism is considered a valuable criterion, it must be used with caution and reservation, due to its potential for false positives.

  4. Philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy

    Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.

  5. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_claims...

    "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (sometimes shortened to ECREE), [1] also known as the Sagan standard, is an aphorism popularized by science communicator Carl Sagan. He used the phrase in his 1979 book Broca's Brain and the 1980 television program Cosmos .

  6. Evidentialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialism

    Evidentialism is a thesis in epistemology which states that one is justified to believe something if and only if that person has evidence which supports said belief. [1] Evidentialism is, therefore, a thesis about which beliefs are justified and which are not.

  7. Theory of forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms

    The Theory of Forms or Theory of Ideas, [1] [2] [3] also known as Platonic idealism or Platonic realism, is a philosophical theory widely credited to the Classical Greek philosopher Plato.

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  9. Underdetermination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdetermination

    In the philosophy of science, underdetermination or the underdetermination of theory by data (sometimes abbreviated UTD) is the idea that evidence available to us at a given time may be insufficient to determine what beliefs we should hold in response to it. [1]