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Additional Mathematics in Malaysia—also commonly known as Add Maths—can be organized into two learning packages: the Core Package, which includes geometry, algebra, calculus, trigonometry and statistics, and the Elective Package, which includes science and technology application and social science application. [7]
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
A number-line visualization of the algebraic addition 2 + 4 = 6. A "jump" that has a distance of 2 followed by another that is long as 4, is the same as a translation by 6. A number-line visualization of the unary addition 2 + 4 = 6. A translation by 4 is equivalent to four translations by 1.
Laws of Form (hereinafter LoF) is a book by G. Spencer-Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary between mathematics and philosophy. LoF describes three distinct logical systems : The primary arithmetic (described in Chapter 4 of LoF ), whose models include Boolean arithmetic ;
In mathematics, rings are algebraic structures that generalize fields: multiplication need not be commutative and multiplicative inverses need not exist. Informally, a ring is a set equipped with two binary operations satisfying properties analogous to those of addition and multiplication of integers.
As the sum and product of two such matrices is again of this form, these matrices form a subring of the ring of 2 × 2 matrices. A simple computation shows that the map a + i b ↦ ( a − b b a ) {\displaystyle a+ib\mapsto {\begin{pmatrix}a&-b\\b&\;\;a\end{pmatrix}}} is a ring isomorphism from the field of complex numbers to the ring of these ...
The hours on a clock form a group that uses addition modulo 12. Here, 9 + 4 ≡ 1 . Modular arithmetic for a modulus n {\displaystyle n} defines any two elements a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} that differ by a multiple of n {\displaystyle n} to be equivalent, denoted by a ≡ b ( mod n ) {\displaystyle a\equiv b{\pmod {n}}} .
Thus the fraction 3 / 4 can be used to represent the ratio 3:4 (the ratio of the part to the whole), and the division 3 ÷ 4 (three divided by four). We can also write negative fractions, which represent the opposite of a positive fraction. For example, if 1 / 2 represents a half-dollar profit, then − 1 / 2 represents ...