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Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by () = or (where the argument x is written as an exponent).Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras.
In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways. This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent. The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics". [1]
v. t. e. Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary ...
Euler's identity is also a special case of the more general identity that the n th roots of unity, for n > 1, add up to 0: = = Euler's identity is the case where n = 2. A similar identity also applies to quaternion exponential: let {i, j, k} be the basis quaternions; then,
Viète. de Moivre. Euler. Fourier. v. t. e. In trigonometry, trigonometric identities are equalities that involve trigonometric functions and are true for every value of the occurring variables for which both sides of the equality are defined. Geometrically, these are identities involving certain functions of one or more angles.
The definition of e x as the exponential function allows defining b x for every positive real numbers b, in terms of exponential and logarithm function. Specifically, the fact that the natural logarithm ln(x) is the inverse of the exponential function e x means that one has = () = for every b > 0.
Power series. In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form where an represents the coefficient of the n th term and c is a constant called the center of the series. Power series are useful in mathematical analysis, where they arise as Taylor series of infinitely differentiable functions.
However, there are generalizations of this formula valid for other exponents. These can be used to give explicit expressions for the n th roots of unity, that is, complex numbers z such that z n = 1. Using the standard extensions of the sine and cosine functions to complex numbers, the formula is valid even when x is an arbitrary complex number.