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Drawing from Esoteric Christianity, Greene presented Proudhonian mutualism as a successor to Christianity, describing it as "the religion of the coming age." [ 61 ] Greene proposed the establishment of mutual banks , [ 68 ] which would issue loans at a nominal interest rate . [ 69 ]
The formation of the facultative mutualism requires that the species involved all benefit from their mutual cooperation. This mutualism, though it is to the benefit of said species, is best understood as co-exploitation. Facultative mutualism occurs when species' interests align, so that each may reciprocally exploit the other to the benefit of ...
Some consider his mutualism to be part of individualist anarchism [6] [7] while others regard it to be part of social anarchism. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Proudhon, who was born in Besançon , was a printer who taught himself Latin in order to better print books in the language.
William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form". [25] Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist , [ 26 ] and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist , was the first anarchist periodical published, [ 27 ] an enterprise for which he built ...
This definition of mutualism should be suffice for this article, although it neglects discussion of the many subtitles of IF theory applied to mutualisms, and the difficulties of examining short-term compared to long-term benefits, which are discussed in Foster and Wenselneers (2006) and de Mazancourt et al. (2005) respectively.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French socialist and theoretician of mutualism. Mutualism began in 18th-century English and French labor movements, then took an anarchist form associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in France and others in the US. [139] This influenced individualist anarchists in the United States such as Benjamin Tucker and William B ...
Mutualism is an interaction between species that is beneficial to both. A familiar example of a mutualism is the relationship between flowering plants and their pollinators. [2] [3] The plant benefits from the spread of pollen between flowers, while the pollinator receives some form of nourishment, either from nectar or the pollen itself.
Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but the cooperating species do not depend on each other for survival. An example of protocooperation happens between soil bacteria or fungi, and the plants that occur growing in the soil. None of the species rely on the relationship for survival, but all of the fungi, bacteria and higher plants take part ...