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Physiologic amenorrhea is present before menarche, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and after menopause. [3] Breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea is also a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea. [26] Lactational amenorrhea is due to the presence of elevated prolactin and low levels of LH, which suppress ovarian hormone secretion. [27]
Treatment differs based on the reason for diagnosis. Women who are diagnosed with hypoprolactinemia following lactation failure are typically advised to formula feed, although treatment with metoclopramide has been shown to increase milk supply in clinical studies. For subfertility, treatment may include clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins. [13]
Hyperandrogenism, especially high levels of testosterone, can cause serious adverse effects if left untreated. High testosterone levels are associated with other health conditions such as obesity, hypertension, amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual cycles), and ovulatory dysfunction, which can lead to infertility.
There are many underlying factor that can cause hyperprolactinemia, some of them are hypothyroidism (disorder in which thyroid glands has a reduced thyroid hormone production), drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (such as antidepressant medication, antihypertensive medication and medication that can promotes bowel motility), hypothalamic disease ...
Hormonal imbalance is the most common cause of anovulation and is thought to account for about 70% of all cases. About half the women with hormonal imbalances do not produce enough follicles to ensure the development of an ovule, possibly due to poor hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland controls ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women in developed countries, and it is well studied that hypoestrogenism has many regulatory functions in the cardiovascular system. [3] Estradiol , an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone, has a cardio-protective effect. [3]
Consider treatment for women with amenorrhea. In addition, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning should be considered to evaluate bone density. The persistent hypogonadism associated with hyperprolactinemia can lead to osteoporosis. Treatment significantly improves the patient's quality of life.
It begins with the main symptom, which is amenorrhea, where there is an irregular or no menstrual period at all. Other symptoms are related to ovarian cysts, and more common ones are also listed below. A variation of symptoms can occur together, however, that depends on the person and the severity of the disease. Primary amenorrhea