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[1] [2] Durkheim is seen as one of the fathers of sociology, [3] and this work, his manifesto of sociology. [4] Durkheim distinguishes sociology from other sciences and justifies his rationale. [1] Sociology is the science of social facts. Durkheim suggests two central theses, without which sociology would not be a science:
A serious form of deviance forces people to come together and react in the same way against it. Deviance pushes society's moral boundaries which, in turn leads to social change. When social deviance is committed, the collective conscience is offended. Durkheim (1897) describes the collective conscience as a set of social norms by which members ...
[1] Durkheim says that a social fact is a thing that many people do very similarly because the socialized community that they belong to has influenced them to do these things. [2] Durkheim defined the social fact this way: "A social fact is any way of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint; or:
As Durkheim argues, this moral authority is primarily to be located in religion, which is why in any religion one finds a code of morality. For Durkheim, it is only society that has the resources, the respect, and the power to cultivate within an individual both the obligatory and the desirous aspects of morality.
Sociologist Émile Durkheim also explored social control in the work The Division of Labour in Society, discussing the paradox of deviance and arguing that social control is what makes us abide by laws in the first place. [9] The term "social control" was first introduced to sociology by Albion Woodbury Small and George Edgar Vincent in 1894.
[1]: 201 Halfway through the text, Durkheim asks, "So if [the totem animal] is at once the symbol of the god and of the society, is that not because the god and the society are only one?" [1]: 206 According to Durkheim, early humans associated such feelings not only with one another, but as well with objects in their environment.
Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who argued that the social structure of a society can encourage deviance to a large degree. Merton's theory borrows from Èmile Durkheim's theory of anomie, which argues that industrialization would fundamentally alter the function of society; ultimately, causing a breakdown of social ties, social norms, and the social order.
Durkheim held the belief that culture has many relationships to society which include: Logical – Power over individuals belongs to certain cultural categories, and beliefs such as in God. Functional – Certain rites and myths create and build up social order by having more people create strong beliefs. The greater the number of people who ...