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This is a list of commands from the GNU Core Utilities for Unix environments. These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix-like operating systems. GNU Core Utilities include basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities. Coreutils includes all of the basic command-line tools that are expected in a POSIX system.
Prints a command to the terminal as Bash reads it. Bash reads constructs all at once, such as compound commands which include if-fi and case-esac blocks. If a set -v is included within a compound command, then "verbose" will be enabled the next time Bash reads code as input, ie, after the end of the currently executing construct. [108]
Epitaxy can involve single-crystal structures, although grain-to-grain epitaxy has been observed in granular films. [1] [2] For most technological applications, single-domain epitaxy, which is the growth of an overlayer crystal with one well-defined orientation with respect to the substrate crystal, is preferred. Epitaxy can also play an ...
This is because the redirection form opens the file as the stdin file descriptor which command can fully access, while the cat form simply provides the data as a stream of bytes. Another common case where cat is unnecessary is where a command defaults to operating on stdin, but will read from a file, if the filename is given as an argument.
Execute commands at a later time Version 7 AT&T UNIX awk: Text processing Mandatory Pattern scanning and processing language Version 7 AT&T UNIX basename: Filesystem Mandatory Return non-directory portion of a pathname; see also dirname Version 7 AT&T UNIX batch: Process management Mandatory Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue bc ...
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is an epitaxy method for thin-film deposition of single crystals. MBE is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices , including transistors . [ 1 ] MBE is used to make diodes and MOSFETs (MOS field-effect transistors ) at microwave frequencies, and to manufacture the lasers used to read optical discs ...
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells (PV) for producing electric power from sunlight can be grown as thick epi wafers on a monocrystalline silicon "seed" wafer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and then detached as self-supporting wafers of some standard thickness (e.g., 250 μm) that can be manipulated by hand, and directly substituted for wafer cells cut from monocrystalline silicon ingots.
getty, short for "get tty", is a Unix program running on a host computer that manages physical or virtual terminals (TTYs). When it detects a connection, it prompts for a username and runs the 'login' program to authenticate the user.