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During the Liberal democracy period in Indonesia and Guided Democracy that followed it under Sukarno, the common phrase used in speech and formal meetings was "Merdeka", the Indonesian and Malay word for independence or freedom, or variations of it such as "Salam Merdeka ". [3] [4] Sukarno often used this phrase during his speeches and orations ...
The National Principles (Malay: Rukun Negara; Jawi: روکون نݢارا ) is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to the 13 May race riots, which occurred in 1969. [1]
The members of the association declared their oath affirming their allegiance to Indonesia as their homeland (rather than Hadhramaut) and Bahasa Indonesia as their mother tongue. [4] The Arab-Indonesian youth also pledged three oaths ("Sumpah Pemuda Keturunan Arab"): The motherland of Arab-Indonesians is Indonesia.
Tunku then proceeded to read the declaration, which culminated in the chanting of "Merdeka!" seven times with the crowd joining in. The ceremony continued with the raising of the National Flag of Malaya accompanied by the national anthem being played by a military band and a 21-gun salute , followed by an azan call and a thanksgiving prayer in ...