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PLAP is a tumor marker, especially in seminoma [8] [9] [10] and ovarian cancer (e.g., dysgerminoma). [11] PLAP is reliable only in non-smokers, as smoking interferes with measurement of PLAP, [12] since serum concentrations of PLAP are increased up to 10-fold in smokers and its measurement is therefore of little value in this group. [13]
Also, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases if there is active bone formation occurring, as the enzyme is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone). [59] The level of alkaline phosphatase is much more elevated in metastatic prostate cancer cells than non-metastatic prostate cancer cells. [60]
Elevated alkaline phosphatase in patients with cancer normally spans [clarification needed] throughout the bones or liver. Metastases that exist in the lung, breast, prostate, colon, thyroid, and further organs can also enter the liver or bone. [ 12 ]
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [11] CA-125: Mainly ovarian cancer, [12] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. [13] Calcitonin: medullary thyroid carcinoma [14] Calretinin
In contrast, low levels of ALP is found in hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, zinc deficiency, and hypophosphatasia. [6] ALP activity is significantly increased in the third trimester of pregnancy. [11] This is due to increased synthesis from the placenta as well as increased synthesis in the liver induced by large amounts of estrogens.
In human serum, the bone ALP (BALP) and liver ALP isoforms are the most abundant TNAP isoforms, in approximately a 1:1 ratio, comprising more than 90% of the total ALP activity. The remaining circulating ALP activity, 1–10%, is attributed mostly to intestinal ALP (IALP). Several different analytical methods for separation and quantification ...
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