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In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used.
There was no catastrophic epidemic or famine in England or Scotland in the nineteenth century—it was the first century in which a major epidemic did not occur throughout the whole country, and deaths per 1000 of population per year in England and Wales fell from 21.9 from 1848 to 1854 to 17 in 1901 (cf, for instance, 5.4 in 1971). [6]
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, living standards amongst the working population began to worsen, with cramped and unsanitary urban conditions.A severe long-term shortage of cheap housing led to the rapid growth of slums, The death rate began to rise alarmingly, almost doubling in Birmingham and Liverpool.
The Victorian Church (2 vol 1966), covers all denominations online; Clark, G. Kitson The making of Victorian England (1963). online; Corey, Melinda, and George Ochoa, eds. The encyclopedia of the Victorian world: a reader's companion to the people, places, events, and everyday life of the Victorian era (Henry Holt, 1996) online
Communal dining area of a Common lodging-house in New York, circa 1910 Children within a Common lodging-house, Christmas 1910. Urban reformer Jacob Riis was not only an advocate for improving the condition of people living in cheap lodging houses; he had lived in them as a young man, an experience he described in his slum memoir How the Other Half Lives (1890).
The working conditions for "drawers" exemplify some of the changes following the Industrial Revolution. The Condition-of-England question was a debate in the Victorian era over the issue of the English working class during the Industrial Revolution. It was first proposed by Thomas Carlyle in his essay Chartism (1839).
Houses of this type had become common in inner city areas of Victorian England, especially in Birmingham, Bradford, [7] Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Salford and in Nottingham, where about 7,500 of their 11,000 houses (roughly 68 per cent) [2] were built back-to-back. Town authorities were well aware that back-to-backs were undesirable, but ...
The Victorian Church. Part Two: 1860-1901 (1972) online; Clark, G. Kitson. The making of Victorian England (1962) Corey, Melinda, and George Ochoa, eds. The encyclopedia of the Victorian world: a reader's companion to the people, places, events, and everyday life of the Victorian era (Henry Holt, 1996) online; Crick, Julia; Elisabeth van Houts ...