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After rising within Falange, she was designated as mayor of Bilbao in 1969, the first woman mayor in Francoism. By the 1960s, Francoist Spain had changed its definition of Catholic womanhood. Women were no longer only biological organisms existing for the sole purpose of procreation, but as beings for whom Spanish cultural meaning rested. [2]
There were ways around it, but censorship still negatively impacted much of the work of earlier Spanish women and feminists. Women's employment opportunities in the Francoist period were severely limited. Women needed the permission of male guardians to work, and there were many jobs they were legally barred from. Legal reforms around this ...
Broader goals around women included utilizing them to increase the population, strengthen the family around a patriarchal structure and control the lives of women. [5] Francoism stripped women of all their individual autonomy. It defined women based on their social morality. The state imposed this through legislative means. [3]
The role of a woman in Francoist Spain was to be a mother. [7] [8] Questioning this role for women was tantamount to questioning the nature and rights of the state, and viewed as a subversive act. [7] In Francoist Spain, women were not endowed by God with business ingenuity, nor the capacity to be involved in war.
Women got the right to vote in Spain in 1933 as a result of legal changes made during the Second Spanish Republic. Women lost most of their rights after Franco came to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War, with the major exception that women did not universally lose their right to vote. Repression of the women's vote occurred ...
Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society. [47] A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood.
Women in the workforce in Francoist Spain faced high levels of discrimination. The end of the Spanish Civil War saw a return of traditional gender roles in the country. These were enforced by the regime through laws that regulated women's labor outside the home and the return of the Civil Code of 1889 and the former Law Procedure Criminal, which treated women as legally inferior to men.
The Civil Code of 1889 was restored by the Franco regime. This code saw the re-introduction of guardianship and subordination of women into civil law. [5] It also saw the age of majority changed to 23, or 25 if they had not left their parents' home to marry or join a convent. [6]