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Through observations of children, Jean Piaget established a theory of cognitive development. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development there are four stages of cognitive development. [8] [9] Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 24 Months) Preoperational Stage (24 Months to 7 Years) Concrete Operational Stage (7 Years to 12 Years)
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age. [1]
These scores are used to determine the child's performance compared with norms taken from typically developing children of their age (in months). [1] The Bayley-III has three main subtests; the Cognitive Scale, which includes items such as attention to familiar and unfamiliar objects, looking for a fallen object, and pretend play, the Language ...
Developmental milestones [3] [4] Age Motor Speech Vision and hearing Social 1–1.5 months When held upright, holds head erect and steady. Cooes and babbles at parents and people they know Focuses on parents. Loves looking at new faces; Starts to smile at parents; Startled by sudden noises; Recognition of familiar individuals; 1.6–2 months
Poor nutrition early in life contributes to stunting, and by the age of two or three can be associated with cognitive deficits, poor school achievement, and, later in life, poor social relationships. [186] Malnutrition is a large problem in developing nations, and has an important effect on young children's weight and height. Children suffering ...
Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the centre of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. [6] Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centred classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget's views. [7]
Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology.
At birth the infantile brain contains 100 billion neurons – as many as in the brain of an adult. [4] In order to have this many neurons at birth, the fetus's brain must produce neurons at the rate of 250,000 per minute. [3] At birth, every cortical neuron is connected with about 2500 neurons; after a year, with about 15 000. [5]