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The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl]), [5] is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.
Rijndael is free for any use public or private, commercial or non-commercial. [1] The authors of Rijndael used to provide a homepage [2] for the algorithm. Care should be taken when implementing AES in software, in particular around side-channel attacks. The algorithm operates on plaintext blocks of 16 bytes.
Commonly, rather than implementing Galois multiplication, Rijndael implementations simply use pre-calculated lookup tables to perform the byte multiplication by 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, and 14. For instance, in C# these tables can be stored in Byte[256] arrays. In order to compute p * 3. The result is obtained this way: result = table_3[(int)p]
The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher, [1] which defeats the suspicion of a backdoor built into the cipher that exploits a static S-box. The authors claim that the Rijndael cipher structure is likely to provide enough resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis even if an S-box with "average" correlation ...
The round constant rcon i for round i of the key expansion is the 32-bit word: [note 2] = [] where rc i is an eight-bit value defined as : = {= > < > where is the bitwise XOR operator and constants such as 00 16 and 11B 16 are given in hexadecimal.
Some ciphers, such as Rijndael (AES) and Blowfish, use the same operations as those used in the data path of the cipher algorithm for their key expansion, sometimes initialized with some "nothing-up-my-sleeve numbers". Other ciphers, such as RC5, expand keys with functions that are somewhat or completely different from the encryption functions.
One half of an n-bit key is used as the actual encryption key and the other half of the n-bit key is used to modify the encryption algorithm (key-dependent S-boxes). Twofish borrows some elements from other designs; for example, the pseudo-Hadamard transform [ 3 ] (PHT) from the SAFER family of ciphers.
Vincent Rijmen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈrɛimə(n)]; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard. Rijmen is also the co-designer of the WHIRLPOOL cryptographic hash function , and the block ciphers Anubis , KHAZAD , Square , NOEKEON and SHARK .