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Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
Developed an early fully transistorized computer, the Mailüfterl. Crucial in the creation of the formal definition of the programming language PL/I. 1938, 1945 Zuse, Konrad: Built the first digital freely programmable computer, the Z1. Built the first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3 in 1941. [59]
The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, developed in the period between 2700 and 2300 BCE in Sumer. [3] The Sumerians' abacus consisted of a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.
During the early modern period, these legendary automata were said to possess the magical ability to answer questions put to them. The late medieval alchemist and proto-Protestant Roger Bacon was purported to have fabricated a brazen head , having developed a legend of having been a wizard.
Herbert A. Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his theory of bounded rationality, one of the cornerstones of AI known as "satisficing". The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented programming representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene- cloning experiments.
The first digital electronic computer was developed in the period April 1936 - June 1939, in the IBM Patent Department, Endicott, New York by Arthur Halsey Dickinson. [35] [36] [37] In this computer IBM introduced, a calculating device with a keyboard, processor and electronic output (display). The competitor to IBM was the digital electronic ...
The first known computer algorithm was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century for the Analytical Engine, to translate Luigi Menabrea's work on Bernoulli numbers for machine instruction. [3] However, this remained theoretical only - the lesser state of engineering in the lifetime of these two mathematicians proved insufficient [ citation ...
George Miller, one of the scientists involved in the cognitive revolution, sets the date of its beginning as September 11, 1956, when several researchers from fields like experimental psychology, computer science, and theoretical linguistics presented their work on cognitive science-related topics at a meeting of the 'Special Interest Group in ...