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1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius: 3,000 Ritter Island: 2 Papua New Guinea: 1888 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami: 2,957 Mount Papandayan: 3 Indonesia: 1772 [5] 2,942 Mount Lamington: 4 Papua New Guinea: 1951 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington: 2,806 Mount Awu: 3 Indonesia: 1856 [6] 2,033 Oshima Oshima: 4 Japan: 1741 1741 eruption of Oshima ...
In a volcanic eruption, lava, volcanic bombs, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent and fissure. While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area, Earth's largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to mass extinctions.
In the years before the 1883 eruption, seismic activity around the Krakatoa volcano was intense, with earthquakes felt as far away as North Australia, one of which, in 1880, damaged a lighthouse. [4] Strombolian activity began on 20 May 1883, and steam venting began to occur regularly from Perboewatan , the northernmost of the island's three cones.
On June 15, 1991, a rumbling Mount Pinatubo grew and grew until it exploded in the biggest volcanic eruption on Earth in 100 years. Super-pressurized, gas-charged magma burst through and a cloud ...
The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century, surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée, [33] and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption recorded since 1500 AD. [34] It is also the deadliest lahar, [35] and Colombia's worst natural disaster. [36]
The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau in Indonesia saw an eruption on 22 December 2018 which caused a deadly tsunami, with waves surging up to five meters in height. The tsunami killed at least 437 ...
The eruption caused a volcanic winter. During the Northern Hemisphere summer of 1816, global temperatures cooled by 0.53 °C (0.95 °F). This cooling directly or indirectly caused 90,000 deaths. The eruption of Mount Tambora was the largest cause of this climate anomaly. [22]
The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows: On the first day of the eruption, a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1 in) fell for several hours. [28] It heated the roof tiles to 120–140 °C (250–280 °F). [29] This period would have been the last opportunity to escape.