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AWS D1.6: Structural welding (stainless steel) AWS D1.7: Structural welding (strengthening and repair) AWS D1.8: Structural welding seismic supplement AWS D1.9: Structural welding (titanium) AWS D3.6R: Underwater welding (Offshore & inland pipelines) AWS D8.1: Automotive spot welding AWS D8.6: Automotive spot welding electrodes supplement AWS D8.7
AWS Characteristics Applications Bare Metal Arc Welding (113) BMAW Consumable electrode, no flux or shielding gas Historical Carbon Arc Welding (181) CAW Carbon electrode, historical Copper, repair (limited) Flux Cored Arc Welding: 136 138: FCAW FCAW-S Continuous consumable electrode filled with flux Industry, construction Gas Metal Arc Welding ...
The AWS defines welding PQR as a record of welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on the weldment to qualify a Welding Procedure Specification. For steel construction (civil engineering structures) AWS D1.1 is a widely used standard.
Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode affects weld properties.
The tip of the electrode needs to be at a lower angle to the workpiece, which allows the weld pool to flow out of the arc. As the electrode melts, the flux covering disintegrates, giving off shielding gases that protect the weld area from oxygen and other atmospheric gases. In addition, the flux provides molten slag which covers the filler as ...
The electrode composition depends upon the material being welded. Alloying elements may be added in the electrodes. Electrodes are available to weld mild steels, high carbon steels, low and special alloy steels, stainless steel and some of the nonferrous of copper and nickel. Electrodes are generally copper coated to prevent rusting and to ...
O-5 (95% argon/5% oxygen) is the most common gas for general carbon steel welding. Higher oxygen content allows higher speed of welding. More than 5% oxygen makes the shielding gas oxidize the electrode, which can lead to porosity in the deposit if the electrode does not contain sufficient deoxidizers.
Welder certification is based on specially designed tests to determine a welder's skill and ability to deposit sound weld metal. The main part of the welder's test consists of welding one or more test coupons which are then examined using non-destructive and destructive methods.