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Photosensitive epilepsy (PSE) is a form of epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by visual stimuli that form patterns in time or space, such as flashing lights, bold, regular patterns, or regular moving patterns. PSE affects approximately one in 4,000 people (5% of those with epilepsy).
Stress can induce seizures in people with epilepsy, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. Severity, duration, and time at which stress occurs during development all contribute to frequency and susceptibility to developing epilepsy. It is one of the most frequently self-reported triggers in patients with epilepsy. [48] [49]
In 2015 epilepsy was present in about 1.3% of the population of the United States, approximately 3 million adults and 470,000 children. [13] Reflex epilepsy is found in approximately 5% of people who have epilepsy. [3] Photosensitive epilepsy is the most common type of reflex epilepsy, accounting for 75-80% of cases. [3]
It is a symptom associated with temporal lobe changes in epilepsy and in Geschwind syndrome. [1] Structures that may have an effect on hypergraphia when damaged due to temporal lobe epilepsy are the hippocampus and Wernicke's area. Aside from temporal lobe epilepsy, chemical causes may be responsible for inducing hypergraphia.
It is one of the possible symptoms of the postictal state. Post-ictal headache is the most frequent association between headache and epilepsy, occurring between 12% and 52% of people with epilepsy. [6] Post-ictal headache has migrainous features in about half of the cases.
The epilepsy is often caused by epileptogenic brain tumors. [3] Brain imaging studies support activation of the anterior insula in ecstatic seizures. [4] [2] Additionally, several instances of reproducible ecstatic-like seizures have been induced during presurgical evaluation with electrical brain stimulation to the dorsal anterior insula.
People with epilepsy may experience seizure clusters which may be broadly defined as an acute deterioration in seizure control. [40] The prevalence of seizure clusters is uncertain given that studies have used different definitions to define them. [41] However, estimates suggest that the prevalence may range from 5% to 50% of people with ...
The concurrent onset of other clinical features of epilepsy (e.g., lip-smacking or other involuntary automatic behaviors, olfactory hallucinations). Approximately 40% of people with TEA report one of these symptoms in at least some attacks. [2] A clear-cut response to anticonvulsant therapy. Attacks ceased in 44 of 47 treated patients in one ...