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Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world. The total fertility rate (TFR) has been reduced by more than two thirds since Independence. The current TFR in Bangladesh is 1.930 per woman, [16] globally considered to be below the benchmark for replacement level fertility.
The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.
The mutation rate has been observed to vary with time. Mutation rates within the human species are faster than those observed along the human-ape lineage. The mutation rate is also thought to be faster in recent times, since the beginning of the Holocene 11,000 years ago. [1] [3] [4]
The rate of de novo mutations, whether germline or somatic, vary among organisms. [103] Individuals within the same species can even express varying rates of mutation. [104] Overall, rates of de novo mutations are low compared to those of inherited mutations, which categorizes them as rare forms of genetic variation. [105]
After the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, censuses were held in the years 1974, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011.The last census taken in the country was the 2011 census, which recorded a total population of 144.0 million (this figure, however, was estimated by the Bureau to have been an undercount, and the actual population was estimated to be 149.8 million).
Bangladesh has achieved remarkable feats in reducing its poverty rate, which has gone down from 80% in 1971, [35] to 44.2% in 1991, [36] all the way down to 18.7% in 2022. [37] It has emerged as the second-largest economy in South Asia, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] surpassing the per capita income levels of both India and Pakistan.
The frequency = + of normal alleles A increases at rate / due to the selective elimination of recessive homozygotes, while mutation causes to decrease at rate (ignoring back mutations). Mutation–selection balance then gives p B B = μ / s {\displaystyle p_{BB}=\mu /s} , and so the frequency of deleterious alleles is q = μ / s {\displaystyle ...
Mutation frequencies test are cost effective in laboratories [1] however; these two concepts provide vital information in reference to accounting for the emergence of mutations on any given germ line. [2] [3] There are several test utilized in measuring the chances of mutation frequency and rates occurring in a particular gene pool.