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No net loss" (NNL) is an environmental policy approach that aims to counterbalance the negative impacts of development projects on the environment by using environmental mitigation measures. [1] For example, the policy aims for no net loss of wetlands in the United States (where it originated) or no net loss of biodiversity in other regions.
For example, the ML estimator from the previous example may be attained as the limit of Bayes estimators with respect to a uniform prior, [,] with increasing support and also with respect to a zero-mean normal prior (,) with increasing variance. So neither the resulting ML estimator is unique minimax nor the least favorable prior is unique.
No Net Loss is a mitigation policy goal aiming to prevent and offset the destruction or degradation of wetlands. Under this bi-partisan policy, wetlands currently in existence are to be conserved if possible. No Net Loss is achieved through a coordinated effort of: [7] wetlands protection; creation of new wetlands; restoration, enhancement, and ...
In many applications, objective functions, including loss functions as a particular case, are determined by the problem formulation. In other situations, the decision maker’s preference must be elicited and represented by a scalar-valued function (called also utility function) in a form suitable for optimization — the problem that Ragnar Frisch has highlighted in his Nobel Prize lecture. [4]
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Jacobs (2018) identifies four problems with respect to the marginal cost of public funds: (1) The lack of consensus in the literature on a common definition of the MCF, notably the dichotomy between the Pigou-Harberger-Browning (PHB) approach using compensated wage elasticities of labor supply and the Atkinson-Stern-Ballard-Fullerton (ASBF ...
Under U.S. Federal income tax law, a net operating loss (NOL) occurs when certain tax-deductible expenses exceed taxable revenues for a taxable year. [1] If a taxpayer is taxed during profitable periods without receiving any tax relief (e.g., a refund) during periods of NOLs, an unbalanced tax burden results. [2]
Generally considered a blend of the chain-ladder and expected claims loss reserving methods, [2] [8] [10] the Bornhuetter–Ferguson method uses both reported or paid losses as well as an a priori expected loss ratio to arrive at an ultimate loss estimate. [2] [9] Simply, reported (or paid) losses are added to a priori expected losses ...