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Bohr model in 1921 [4] after Sommerfeld expansion of 1913 model showing maximum electrons per shell with shells labeled in X-ray notation. Until the second decade of the 20th century, atomic models were generally speculative. Even the concept of atoms, let alone atoms with internal structure, faced opposition from some scientists. [5]: 2
Arthur Erich Haas (April 30, 1884, in Brno – February 20, 1941, in Chicago) was an Austrian physicist, noted for a 1910 paper [1] he submitted in support of his habilitation as Privatdocent at the University of Vienna that outlined a treatment of the hydrogen atom involving quantization of electronic orbitals, thus anticipating the Bohr model (1913) by three years.
The Bohr model was developed beginning 1913, and championed the idea of electron configurations that determine chemical properties. Bohr proposed that elements in the same group behaved similarly because they have similar electron configurations, and that noble gases had filled valence shells; [102] this forms the basis of the modern octet rule ...
1913 – Niels Bohr publishes the Bohr model of the atom, which explains the spectral lines, and definitively established the quantum mechanics behaviour of the matter. [ 85 ] 1915 – Robert Innes discovers Proxima Centauri , the closest star to Earth after the Sun. [ 86 ]
1911 – Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) 1911 – Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity; 1912 - Victor Francis Hess: Cosmic rays; 1913 – Niels Bohr: Bohr model of the atom; 1915 – Albert Einstein: General relativity; 1915 – Emmy Noether: Noether's theorem relates symmetries to conservation laws.
John William Nicholson is noted as the first to create an atomic model that quantized angular momentum as h/2π. [11] [12] Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom. [13] 1912 – Victor Hess discovers the existence of cosmic radiation.
The Bohr–Sommerfeld model (also known as the Sommerfeld model or Bohr–Sommerfeld theory) was an extension of the Bohr model to allow elliptical orbits of electrons around an atomic nucleus. Bohr–Sommerfeld theory is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr and German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld .
[9] [10] Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom. [11] In 1913, Niels Bohr displayed rudiments of the later defined correspondence principle and used it to formulate a model of the hydrogen atom which explained the line spectrum.