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A pseudohallucination (from Ancient Greek: ψευδής (pseudḗs) ' false, lying ' + hallucination) is an involuntary sensory experience that is vivid enough to be perceived as a hallucination, but is recognised by the individual as subjective and lacking objective reality. [1]
The primary immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual pseudo-hallucinations and altered thought, often referred to as "trips". These sensory alterations are considered pseudohallucinations because the subject does not perceive the patterns seen as being located in three-dimensional space outside the body. [ 44 ]
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality. [6] They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (), which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real ...
Stendhal syndrome is a proposed condition in which someone experiences rapid heartbeat, fainting, confusion, and even hallucinations when exposed to works of beauty. [ 81 ] Stockholm syndrome is a proposed condition in which a hostage develops an emotional bond with their kidnapper while in captivity. [ 82 ]
Hallucination is defined as visual perception without external stimulation. It must be distinguished whether the individual is able to recognize that the perception is not real, also called pseudo-hallucination, or that the individual endorses it as real, also called delusion. It is only delusion that has serious psychiatric implications.
For example, Slade and Bentall proposed the following working definition of a hallucination: "Any percept-like experience which (a) occurs in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, (b) has the full force or impact of the corresponding actual (real) perception, and (c) is not amenable to direct and voluntary control by the experiencer."
Sleep-related hallucinations are brief episodes of dream-like imagery that can be of any sensory modality, i.e., auditory, visual, or tactile. [2] They are differentiated between hypnagogic hallucination , that occur at sleep onset, and hypnapompic hallucinations , which occur at the transition of sleep to awakening. [ 2 ]
Edward Harold Hagen (born June 1, 1962) [1] is an American biological anthropologist and professor in the Department of Anthropology at Washington State University Vancouver, where he has taught since 2007. His research has focused on evolutionary explanations for mental health phenomena and substance use.