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Godna, also known as Khoda, is an ancient traditional form of tattoo art originating from the tribal communities of Northern and Central India. [1] [2] These tattoos are characterized by intricate designs and vivid colors, often depicting elements of nature, mythology, and daily life. [3] [4]
The tattoos could represent pride in being a woman, beauty, and protection. [4] They were associated with rites of passage for women and could indicate marital status. The motifs and shapes varied from island to island. Among some peoples it was believed that women who lacked hajichi would risk suffering in the afterlife. [5]
Art historian Dawn Ades writes, "Far from being inferior, or purely decorative, crafts like textiles or ceramics, have always had the possibility of being the bearers of vital knowledge, beliefs and myths." [51] Recognizable art markets between Natives and non-Natives emerged upon contact, but the 1820–1840s were a highly prolific time.
Painting by Gottfried Lindauer of a moko being carved into a man's face by a tohunga-tā-moko (tattooist) A collection of kōrere (feeding funnels). Historically the skin was carved by uhi [6] (chisels), rather than punctured as in common contemporary tattooing; this left the skin with grooves rather than a smooth surface.
The tattooing practice is most often found in preliterate tribal communities, with women playing the chief role in this custom, both performing the ritual of applying tattoos and wear them. Among other things the tattoos may have been a symbol of sexual maturity, ancestry and tribal affiliations, as well as religious beliefs. [6]
The place for the tattoo is then cleaned by this leek juice mixture, a design is drawn by piercing and the combined mixture is then put on the skin. [3] Jacques de Morgan also observed the tattooing of Kurdish women in 1895, and mentioned that old women had most tattoos and were sometimes tattooed all over the body. When men were tattooed, it ...